Supporting References:

User’s Manual:

Neblett R. (2018). The Central Sensitization Inventory: A User’s Manual. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research. 23(2):e12123. https://doi.org/10.1111/jabr.12123

Systematic Review:

Scerbo T, Colasurdo J, Dunn S, Unger J, Nijs J, Cook C. (2018). Measurement Properties of the Central Sensitization Inventory: A Systematic Review. Pain Practice. Apr;18(4):544-554.

Multi-Country Factor Analysis:

Cuesta-Vargas AI, Neblett R, Chiarotto A, Kregel J, Nijs J, van Wilgen CP, Pitance L, Knezevic A, Gatchel RJ, Mayer TG, Viti C, Roldan-Jiménez C, Testa M, Caumo W, Jeremic-Knezevic M, Luciano JV. (2018). Dimensionality and Reliability of the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) in a Pooled Multi-Country Sample. Journal of Pain. Mar;19(3):317-329.

English version (CSI-En): 

• Mayer TG, Neblett R, Cohen H, Howard KJ, Choi YH, Williams MJ, Perez Y, Gatchel RJ. (2012). The development and psychometric validation of the central sensitization inventory. Pain Practice. April; 12(4):276-85.
• Neblett, R, Choi, Y, Hartzell, M, Williams, M, Cohen, H, Mayer, TG, Gatchel, RJ (2013). Establishing clinically relevant cutoff scores for the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI). The Journal of Pain. May; 14(5): 438-445.
• Neblett R, Hartzell M, Cohen H, Mayer T, Williams M, Choi Y, Gatchel R. (2015). Ability of the Central Sensitization Inventory to Identify Central Sensitivity Syndromes in an Outpatient Chronic Pain Sample. Clinical Journal of Pain. April; 31(4): 323-332.
• Neblett R; Hartzell M; Mayer TG; Cohen H; Gatchel RJ. (2016). Establishing Clinically Relevant Severity Levels for the Central Sensitization Inventory. Pain Practice: The Official Journal Of World Institute Of Pain. Feb;17(2):166-175.
• Neblett R, Hartzell MM, Williams M, Bevers KR, Mayer TG, Gatchel RJ (2017). Use of the central sensitization inventory (CSI) as a treatment outcome measure for chronic spinal pain disorder patients in a functional restoration program. The Spine Journal. Feb;17(2):166-175.
• Neblett R & Mayer TG. (2017.The Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI): Some Background and Current Trends. The Spine Journal. Nov;17(11):1766-1767.

Mexican/Central American Spanish CSI: 

Developed at PRIDE (2012)

European Spanish (CSI-Sp):

Developed by Antonio I Cuesta-Vargas, PhD, and colleagues, Cátedra de Fisioterapia, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidad de Malaga, Andalucia Tech, Instituto Investigacion de Biomédica de Malaga (IBIMA) Grupo de Clinimetria (F-14). Av/ Arquitecto Peñalosa s/n (Teatinos Campus Expansion) 29009 Malaga (Spain)

Cuesta-Vargas AI, Roldan-Jimenez C, Neblett R, Gatchel RJ. (2016) Cross-cultural adaptation and validity of the Spanish central sensitization inventory. Springerplus, Oct;5(1):1837.

French (CSI-Fr): 

Developed by Laurent Pitance, PhD, and colleagues, Clinical research institute (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, Oral and maxillo-facial Surgery Department and Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels.

Pitance, L., Piraux, E., Lannoy, B., Meeus, M., Berquin, A., Eeckhout, C., … & Roussel, N. (2016). Cross cultural adaptation, reliability and validity of the French version of the central sensitization inventory. Manual Therapy, 25, e83-e84.

Dutch (CSI-D): 

Developed by Professor Cornelis Paul van Wilgen, PT, PhD. Vrije Universiteit Brussel · Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy; Jeroen Kregel, PhD Ghent University, Gent · Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy; Professor Jo Nijs, PT, MT, PhD Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels · Physiotherapy, Human Physiology & Anatomy (KIMA); and colleagues.

Kregel J, Vuijk PJ, Descheemaeker F, Keizer, D., van der Noord, R., Nijs, J., … & van Wilgen, P. (2016).The Dutch Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI): Factor Analysis, Discriminative Power and Test-Retest Reliability. Clin J Pain, Jul;32(7):624-30.

Gujarati (CSI-G): 

Developed by Dr. Dibyendunarayan Bid, PT, and colleagues, The Sarvajanik College of Physiotherapy, Rampura, Surat.

Bid Dibyendunarayan D, Soni Neela C, Rathod Priyanshu V, Thangamani Ramalingam A. (2016). Content Validity and Test-Retest Reliability of the Gujarati Version of the Central Sensitization Inventory. NJIRM, 7(5):18-24.

Brazilian Portuguese (CSI-BP): 

Developed by Wolnei Caumo M.D. PhD, and colleagues, Post-graduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Pain and Palliative Care Service at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Laboratory of Pain and Neuromodulation at UFRGS,Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Surgery Department, School of Medicine, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.

Caumo W, Ruehlman LS, Karoly P, et al. (2017). Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Central Sensitization Inventory for a Brazilian Population and its relationship with the function of descending pain modulatory system and with the serum BDNF. J Pain Res, Sep;10:2109-2122.

European Portuguese (CSI-Por)

Developed by Rosa Andias and Anabela Silva, School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal; Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS.UA), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.

Andias R & Silva A G (2020). Cross‐cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the European Portuguese version of the Central Sensitization Inventory in adolescents with musculoskeletal chronic pain. Pain Practice, 20(5), 480-490.

Serbian (CSI-Serb): 

Developed by Aleksandar Knezevic, MD, PhD, and colleagues, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Serbia and Medical Rehabilitation Clinic, Clinical Centre of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia.

Knezevic A, Neblett R, Jeremic-Knezevic M, et al. (2018). Cross cultural adaptation and psychometric validation of the Serbian version of the central sensitization inventory (CSI). Pain Practice: The Official Journal of World Institute of Pain, Apr;18(4):463-472.

Knezevic, A, Neblett, R, Colovic, P, et al. (2020). Convergent and discriminant validity of the Serbian version of the Central Sensitization Inventory. Pain Practice: The Official Journal of World Institute of Pain, Sep;20(7):724-736

Japanese (CSI-J): 

Developed by Tomohiko Nishigami, PT, PhD, and colleagues, The Sansom Institute for Health Research, The University of South Australia, School of Health Sciences, City East Campus, Adelaide, SA.

Tanaka K, Nishigami T, Mibu A, Manfuku M, Yono S, Shinohara Y, Tanabe A, Ono R. (2017).Validation of the Japanese version of the Central Sensitization Inventory in patients with musculoskeletal disorders. PLoS One, Dec 7;12(12).

Italian (CSI-I): 

Developed by Alessandro Chiarotto, MSc, and colleagues, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam; The Netherlands and Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Chiarotto A, Viti C, Sulli A, Cutolo M, Testa M, Piscitelli D. (2018). Cross-cultural adaptation and validity of the Italian version of the Central Sensitization Inventory. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice, 37, 20-28.

Polish (CSI-Pol):

Developed by Beata Tarnacka, MD, PhD, and colleagues, Department of Rehabilitation at the Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.

Turczyn, P, Kosińska, B, Janikowska-Hołoweńko, D, Malec-Milewska, M., Marszalec, N, Maleszka, P, & Tarnacka, B. (2019). Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Polish Central Sensitization Inventory. Reumatologia, 57(3), 129-34.

Greek (CSI-Gr): 

Developed by Prof Eleni Kapreli PT, MSc, PhD, Paraskevi Bilika, PT, MSc student, Post-graduate Program in Advanced Physiotherapy, Clinical Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory, Physiotherapy Department, Technological Education Institute of Sterea Ellada, Lamia, Greece; Dr Georgios Georgoudis PT, MSc, PhD, Musculoskeletal & Chest Physiotherapy Laboratory, Physiotherapy Department, University of West Attika, Athens, Greece; Randy Neblett MA, LPC, BCB, PRIDE (Productive Rehabilitation Institute of Dallas for Ergonomics) Research Foundation, USA.

Bilika, P, Neblett, R, Georgoudis, G, Dimitriadis, Z, Fandridis, E, Strimpakos, N, & Kapreli, E. (2020). Cross‐cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Greek version of the Central Sensitization Inventory. Pain Practice: The Official Journal of World Institute of Pain, Feb;20(2):188-196. DOI: 10.1111/papr.12843

German (CSI-Ge): 

Klute M, Laekeman M, Kuss K, Petzke F, Dieterich  A, Leha A, Neblett R,  Ehrhardt S, Ulma J, Schäfer A (2021). Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the German Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI-GE). BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders Aug 18; 22(1):708. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-021-04481-5

Laekeman M, Ehrhardt S, Kuss K, Petzke F, Dieterich A, Neblett R, Schäfer A (2019) Expert and Patient perspectives on the cross-cultural translation and adaptation of the Central Sensitization Inventory into German. ePoster EFIC Congress Valencia, September. Morressier. https://doi.org/10.26226/MORRESSIER.5D4434D306F5C40FC448474D

Turkish (CSI-Turk):

Developed by Prof Dr Murat Birtane and colleagues, Trakya University Medical Faculty Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Edirne Turkey.

Düzce Keleş E, Birtane M, Ekuklu G, Kılınçer C, Çalıyurt O, & Taştekin N. (2022). Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the central sensitization inventory. Arch Rheumatol 37(4):518-526. doi:10.46497/ArchRheumatol.2022.8665

Nepali (CSI-NP):

Developed by Saurab Sharma and colleagues Department of Physiotherapy, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS), Dhulikhel Hospital, Kavre, Nepal.

Sharma, S., Jha, J., Pathak, A., & Neblett, R. (2020). Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and measurement properties of the Nepali version of the central sensitization inventory (CSI). BMC neurology, 20(1), 1-10.

Swedish (CSI-Swe): 

Developed by Irina Midenfjord, MS & Magnus Simrén, MD PhD, and colleagues, Dept of Internal Medicine & Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.

Midenfjord, I., Grinsvall, C., Koj, P., Carnerup, I., Törnblom, H., & Simrén, M. (2021). Central sensitization and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome, chronic pain syndromes, and inflammatory bowel disease. Neurogastroenterology & Motility, e14156.  https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.14156

Finnish (CSI-Fin):

Developed by Jani Mikkonen D.C., DACNB, Ph.D., University of Eastern Finland; Hannu Luomajoki, Ph.D., Professor of Physiotherapy, Department of Health, Zürich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland; Olavi Airaksinen M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (PRM), University of Eastern Finland; Ville Leinonen M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland.

Mikkonen J, Luomajoki H, Airaksinen O, Neblett R, Selander T, & Leinonen V. (2021). Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Finnish version of the central sensitization inventory and its relationship with dizziness and postural control. BMC Neurology, 21(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-021-02151-6

Danish (CSI-Dan): 

Developed by Professor Søren O’Neill, D.C., Ph.D, M. Rehab.; Henrik Hein Lauridsen, D.C., MSc., Ph.D.; Johanne Brinch Filtenborg, MSc.; Casper Glissmann Nim, MSc.; Liam Holm, BSc.; Spinecenter of Southern Denmark, Lillebaelt Hospital, Middelfart, Denmark; University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.

Holm, L. A., Nim, C. G., Lauridsen, H. H., Filtenborg, J. B., & O’Neill, S. F. (2022). Convergent validity of the central sensitization inventory and experimental testing of pain sensitivity. Scandinavian Journal of Pain, 22(3), 597-613. https://doi.org/10.1515/sjpain-2021-0090

Korean (CSI-Kor):

Developed by Man Soo Kim, MD, PhD, and colleagues , Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea

Kim, M. S., Koh, I. J., Kim, C. K., Choi, K. Y., Kim, C. Y., & In, Y. (2020). Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Korean version of the Central Sensitization Inventory in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty for knee osteoarthritis. Plos one, 15(12), e0242912.

Russian (CSI-R):

Developed by Oleg Esin, MD, PhD, and colleagues, Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Russia, Tatarstan Republic, Kazan.

Esin OR, Gorobets EA, Khairullin IKh, Esin RG, Gamirova RG, Shamsutdinova RF, Fedorenko AI, Faskhutdinova AT, Khakimova AR. Central Sensitization Inventory — a Russian version. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry = Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2020;120(6):51–56. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro202012006151

Persian (CSI-Per): 

Developed by Karim Noorollahzadeh, Ph.D candidate of Physical therapy, Department of Physical therapy, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Sedighe Kahrizi, Associated profosser of Physical therapy, Department of Physical therapy, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; and Mohammad Gholami-Fesharaki, Assistance Professor of Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

Noorollahzadeh K, Kahrizi S, Fesharaki MG, Majid Heidarian M, Neblett R, Behzadipour S (2020). Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric validation of the Persian version of the central sensitization inventory. MSK Science and Practice, 51, 102314.  DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2020.102314

Arabic (CSI-Ar):

Developed by Mohammad A. Madi, PT. PhD and colleagues, Department of Physical therapy and Occupational Therapy, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan

Madi, M., Hamzeh, H., Abujaber, S., & Altubasi, I. (2021). Cross cultural adaptation, validity, and reliability of Central Sensitization Inventory in Arabic language. Disability and Rehabilitation, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2021.2006322

Hungarian (CSI-Hun):

Developed by Szilvia Ambrus, DMD, and colleagues, Semmelweis University, Hungary and University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium.

(Psychometric validation is currently in progress)

Thai (CSI-Thai)

Developed by Taweewat Wiangkham,  PhD, MRes AHR, BS PT (hons), Cert. ICH GCP and colleagues, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.

Wiangkham, T., Phungwattanakul, N., Rinpol, T., Somsiri, A., Mainoiy, S., Bannathong, T., … & Neblett, R. (2022). Central Sensitisation Inventory-Thai version: translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and psychometric evaluation in chronic non-specific neck pain. Disability and Rehabilitation, 1-8. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2022.2149863

Chinese – Simplified Version for China:

Liang D, Yu X, Guo X, Zhang J, Jiang R. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Chinese version of the short-form of the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI-9) in patients with chronic pain: A single-center study. PLoS One. 2023 Mar 16;18(3):e0282419. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282419. PMID: 36928443; PMCID: PMC10019621.

Xu C, Yao S, Wei W, Zhang H, Ma J, Shang L. (2023). Cross-cultural adaptation and validation for central sensitization inventory: based on Chinese patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty for knee osteoarthritis. J Orthop Surg Res. 13;18(1):960. doi: 10.1186/s13018-023-04375-3. PMID: 38093300; PMCID: PMC10717624.

Chinese – Traditional Version for Taiwan and Hong Kong:

Developed by Yuling Wang, Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Wing Yuk Ip, The University of Hong Kong, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology; and colleagues, in the People’s Republic of China.

Feng, B., Hu, X., Lu, W. W., Wang, Y., & Ip, W. Y. (2022). Cultural validation of the Chinese central sensitization inventory in patients with chronic pain and its predictive ability of comorbid central sensitivity syndromes. Journal of Pain Research, 15;15:467-477. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S348842. PMID: 35210847; PMCID: PMC8857991.

Marathi (CSI-Mar):

Developed by Dr. Ashwini Kale, MPTh, Associate Professor, MGM’s Institute Of Physiotherapy Aurangabad, Maharashtra, INDIA

(Psychometric validation is currently in progress)

Kannada (CSI-Kan):

Developed by Nidhi S. and colleagues at Srinivas University, Mangalore, India

(Psychometric validation is currently in progress)

Czech (CSI-Czech):

Developed by Tomas Kavka and colleagues, Motol University Hospital and Second Medical Faculty at Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

(Psychometric validation is currently in progress)

Tamil (CSI-Tamil):

Developed by A.Thangamani Ramalingam and colleagues, Sarvajanik college of physiotherapy, Rampura, chadda-ole, Surat, India

(Psychometric validation is currently in progress)

Indonesian (CSI-Ind):

Developed by Dr. Magdalena Surjaningsih Halim, Saraswati E., Ribka R., Reyhania A. & Rifdah A., Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta

(Psychometric validation is currently in progress)

Ukrainian (CSI-Ukr):

Developed by M. Stanislavchuk, Prof., D.M.S. and V. Bombela, MD., Chair of Internal Medicine #1, National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya, Ukraine.

Stanislavchuk M, Bombela V, Shkarivskyy Y. Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Central Sensitization Inventory for Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Lviv clinical bulletin 2022, 1(37)-2(38): 21-27.

Hebrew (CSI-Heb):

Developed by Simon Vulfsons, M.D. and colleagues, Rambam Institute for Pain Medicine, in Haifa Israel.

Hindi (CSI-Hin):

Developed by Chinmay jain, Postgraduate student, Dr. Prem V, PT, Ph.D. Associate Professor, and Dr. Karvannan H, Ph.d. PT Associate Professor, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore, India.

The FACS has 20 items, scored on a 6-point Likert scale, for a total score range of 0 to 100. Total scores indicate one of the following severity levels: Subclinical (0-20); Mild (21-40); Moderate (41-60); Severe (61-80); and Extreme (81-100). In its initial published validation study, the FACS demonstrated strong test-retest reliability (Pearson r between .9 and .94) and internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha between .89 and .92). The FACS severity levels corresponded well with score distributions from different subject populations with painful medical conditions. Subjects with the highest level of functioning, and presumably the lowest disability and FA, scored in the lower FACS severity levels. Subjects with the lowest levels of functioning, and presumably the highest disability and FA, scored in the higher FACS severity levels. In addition, strong associations were found among FACS scores and other FA-related psychosocial patient-reported outcome variables and objective lifting performance variables in a chronic musculoskeletal pain disorder population admitted to an interdisciplinary functional restoration program.

Supporting References:

English version (FACS-En):

Neblett R, Mayer TG, Hartzell MM, Williams MJ, Gatchel RJ. The fear-avoidance components scale (FACS): Development and psychometric evaluation of a new measure of pain-related fear avoidance. Pain Practice: The Official Journal Of World Institute Of Pain. 2016 Apr; 16 (4):435-50.

Neblett R, Mayer TG, Williams M, Asih S, Cuesta-Vargas AI, Hartzell MM, Gatchel RJ. (2017). The fear-avoidance components scale (FACS): Responsiveness and functional restoration treatment outcomes in a chronic musculoskeletal pain disorder (CMPD) population. Clinical Journal of Pain. Dec;33(12):1088–1099.

European Spanish (FACS-Sp):

Developed by Antonio I Cuesta-Vargas, PhD, and colleagues, Cátedra de Fisioterapia, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidad de Malaga, Andalucia Tech, Instituto Investigacion de Biomédica de Malaga (IBIMA) Grupo de Clinimetria (F-14). Av/ Arquitecto Peñalosa s/n (Teatinos Campus Expansion) 29009 Malaga (Spain)

Cuesta-Vargas, AI, Roldan-Jimenez C, Neblett R, Gatchel RJ. (2020). Cross-cultural adaptation and validity of the Spanish Fear Avoidance Components Scale and clinical implications in primary care. BMC Family Practice, 21(44), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-020-01116-x

Serbian (FACS-Serb):

Developed by Aleksandar Knezevic, MD, PhD, and colleagues, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Serbia and Medical Rehabilitation Clinic, Clinical Centre of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia.

Knezevic A, Neblett R, Gatchel RJ, Jeremic-Knezevic M, Bugarski-Ignjatovic V, Tomasevic-Todorovic S, Boskovic K, Cuesta-Vargas A (2018). Psychometric validation of the Serbian version of the Fear Avoidance Component Scale (FACS). PLOS ONE 13(9): e0204311. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204311

Dutch (FACS-Du):

Developed by Liesbet De Baets and colleagues, REVAL Rehabilitation Research, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.

De Baets L, Matheve T, Mingels S, Bruijnes A, Van Goethem A, Huybrechts X, Neblett R, Timmermansa A, Janssens L. (2020). The Development and Measurement Properties of the Dutch Version of the Fear-Avoidance Component Scale in Persons with Low Back and Shoulder Pain. Submitted for publication.

Gujarati (FACS-G):

Developed by Dr. Dibyendunarayan Bid, PT, and colleagues, The Sarvajanik College of Physiotherapy, Rampura, Surat

Bid Dibyendunarayan D, Neblett R, Thangamani Ramalingam A, Patel Charmy J, Patel Karishma N, Patel Rinkal L, Narola Shama J, Sailor Vyoma V. (2020). Cross-Cultural Adaptation, Reliability, and Validity of the Gujarati Fear-Avoidance Components Scale. Physiotherapy – The Journal of Indian Association of Physiotherapists, 14(2) 98.

Brazilian Portuguese (FACS-Br):

Developed by Thais Cristina Chaves PhD and colleagues, Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil.

Martins Silva GZ, de Lira MR, Garcêz LR, George SZ, Neblett R, Pezolato A, Lima TC, Chaves TC (2024). Measurement properties of two questionnaires assessing fear-avoidance in patients with chronic low back pain. Eval Health Prof. Jul 22:1632787241264588. doi: 10.1177/01632787241264588. Epub ahead of print.

Persian (FACS-Per):

Developed by Afshin Aghazadeh, Sohani, Soheil Mansour and Mohamad Parnianpour, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

(Psychometric evaluation is currently in progress)

Turkish (FACS-Turk):

Developed by Kadir Turan PhD student, Zübeyir Sarı, PT, PhD, and colleagues, Marmara University, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Istanbul, Turkey

Turan K, Sarı Z, Özden F. 2023. Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the fear avoidance components scale in patients with chronic pain related to musculoskeletal disorders. Wien Klin Wochenschr. doi: 10.1007/s00508-023-02224-1. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37278855.

French (FACS-Fr):

Developed by Guillaume Leonard, Arnaud Duport, and colleagues, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences and Research Center on Aging, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada 

Duport A, Bédard S, Raynauld C, Bordeleau M, Neblett R, Balg F, Devanne H & Léonard G. (2023). Cross-cultural translation and psychometric validation of the French version of the Fear-Avoidance Components Scale (FACS). Plos one, 18(10), e0288899.

Arabic (FACS-A):

Developed by Abdullah Alqarni and colleagues, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Abdulaziz University and King Abdulazizi University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Alqarni, A., Othman, R., Alabasi, U., Khan, F., Alhamed, A., Nogali, S., & Neblett, R. (2024). Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and measurement properties of the Arabic version of the fear avoidance components scale. Disability and Rehabilitation, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2024.2362946

Simplified Chinese for China (FACS-China):

Developed by Zhongyi Tu (Mars) PT, MSc., The First People’s Hospital of Baiyin, Baiyin, 730900, China, and Junfang Miao, MSc, RN, Yanzhao Zhang, OT, MSc.; Zhaohui Yang, MD.; and Rui Xu, MSc, RN, Department of Rehabilitation, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

(Submitted for publication)

Traditional Chinese for Taiwan (FACS-Taiwan)

Developed by Dr. Yi-Fen Shih and colleagues, from National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taiwan

(Psychometric evaluation is currently in progress)

Korean (FACS-Kor):

Developed by Professor Se-jin Hong and colleagues, Gachon University, and Professor Kyounghae Kim and colleagues, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

(Psychometric validation is currently in progress)

Ukrainian (FACS-Ukr)

Developed by Vitalii Bombela, PhD student, and colleagues, Department of Internal Medicine № 1, National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya, Ukraine.

(Psychometric validation is currently in progress)